Kohl (Arabic: كُحْل kuḥl) or kajal or kajol is an ancient eye cosmetic, traditionally made by grinding stibnite (Sb 2 S 3) for similar purposes to charcoal used in mascara. It is widely used in the Middle East and North Africa, South Asia, West Africa and the Horn of Africa as eyeliner to contour and/or darken the eyelids and as.
Kumkuma is a powder used for social and religious markings in India. It is made from turmeric or any other local materials. The turmeric is dried and powdered with a bit of slaked lime, which turns the rich yellow powder into a red color.
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In India, it is known by many names including kuṅkumam (Sanskrit कुङ्कुमम्), kungumam (Tamil குங்குமம்), kumkuma (Telugu కుంకుమ), Kukum (Konkani कुकूम्), kunku (Marathi कुंकू), kumkum (Bengali কুমকুম, Hindi कुमकुम), kunkuma (Kannada ಕುಂಕುಮ), and kuṅkumam (Malayalam കുങ്കുമം).
Application[edit]
Kumkuma is most often applied by Indians to the forehead. The reason has to do with the ancient Indian belief that 'the human body is divided into seven vortices of energy, called chakras, beginning at the base of the spine and ending at the top of the head. The sixth chakra, also known as the third eye, is centered in the forehead directly between the eyebrows and is believed to be the channel through which humankind opens spiritually to the Divine'.[1]
Thus, the kumkuma is placed where Indians believe to be the most important spot for receptivity to be enhanced.
Common forehead marks[edit]
- Shaivites: Followers of Shiva usually apply three white horizontal lines with a dot of kumkuma at the center.[1]
- Vaishnavas: Followers of Vishnu make use of 'white clay to apply two vertical lines joined at the base and intersected by a bright red streak.' Many times the clay is applied in a U-shape.[1]
- Shaktas: Shaktas of most Sampradayas usually apply a dot of vermillion in the center of the forehead with turmeric smeared around it.
- Swaminarayana: Followers of the Swaminarayan faith apply kumkuma at the center of the forehead and between a U-shaped tilaka. The tilaka is normally yellow and made from sandalwood.[2]
- Chandrakor: Many Maharashtrians - men, women, and children alike - wear it traditionally in the shape of crescent moon.
Significance[edit]
In the Vaishnava tradition, the 'white lines represent the footprint of their God, while the red refers to his consort, Lakshmi'.[1] The Swaminarayana tradition holds that the tilaka (yellow U-shaped mark) 'is a symbol of the lotus feet of Paramatma,' and the kumkuma 'represents the bhakta' (devotee).[2] In both of these traditions, the forehead mark serves as a reminder that a devotee of God should always remain protected at the feet of God.
The 'color' of the womb is yellow and is symbolically represented by turmeric. The blood stains on the womb is represented by kumkuma. It is believed that the combination of turmeric and kumkuma represents prosperity.[citation needed]
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Kumkuma and women[edit]
When a girl or a married woman visits a house, it is a sign of respect (in case of an elderly lady) or blessings (in case of a girl) to offer kumkuma to them when they leave. However, it is not offered to widows.
Men, women, girls, and boys also apply a dot on their forehead of red turmeric powder, when visiting a temple or during a pooja. Kumkuma at temples is found in heaps. People dip their thumb into the heap and apply it on the forehead or between the eyebrows.
In most of India, married women apply red kumkuma to the parting of their hair above their forehead every day as a symbol of marriage. This is called vermilion, or in Hindi, sindoor. In southern India, many unmarried girls wear a bindi every day unlike northern India where it is only worn as a symbol of marriage.
Making kumkuma[edit]
Kumkum is made from turmeric by adding limestone and is an Ayurvedic facial material along with turmeric.
Other uses[edit]
Kumkuma is also widely used for worshiping the Hindu goddesses, especially Shakti and Lakshmi, and a kumkuma powder is thrown (along with other mixtures) into the air during Holi (the Festival of Colours), a popular Hindu spring festival.
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See also[edit]
References[edit]
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- ^ abcdHuyler, Steven. 'The Experience: Approaching God'. In The Life of Hinduism, ed. Vasudha Narayanan and John Stratton Hawley. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2006.
- ^ abSadhu Mukundcharandas. Indian Rites and Rituals. First edition. Amdavad: Swaminarayana Aksharpitha, 2007
External links[edit]
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